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1.
Cad Saude Publica ; 38(10): e00277521, 2022.
Article in Portuguese | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36287526

ABSTRACT

This study aimed to investigate whether there is an association between the Extended Health Regions (EHR) of residence in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, and the interval between diagnosis and start of treatment for women who underwent outpatient treatment (chemotherapy or radiotherapy) for cervical cancer by the Brazilian Unified National Health System (SUS), between 2001 and 2015. This is a cross-sectional study, part of a cohort with 8,857 women. Negative binomial regression models were used to evaluate the association of EHR of residence and the interval between diagnosis and start of treatment (in days), considering a significance level of 5%. The models were constructed using blocks of sociodemographic, clinical, and treatment-related covariates. It was found that the EHR of residence of women is associated with the interval between diagnosis and start of treatment. The northern EHR was the region of the state where the average time to start treatment was lower, and not residing in this EHR increases the average time to start treatment between 24% and 93% compared to other EHRs in the state. The disparity in the interval between diagnosis and start of treatment between the regions of Minas Gerais is evident. The availability of services enabled for the treatment of cancer in the EHRs does not necessarily results in a greater agility for the start of treatment. Understanding the flows of Oncology Care Networks and their regional differences is essential to improve public policies that ensure compliance with current laws, such as Law n. 12,732/2012, which recommends the start of treatment for cancer patients within 60 days after diagnosis.


O objetivo deste estudo é investigar se há associação entre as Regiões Ampliadas de Saúde (RAS) de residência de Minas Gerais, Brasil, e o intervalo entre diagnóstico e início de tratamento de mulheres que realizaram tratamento ambulatorial (quimioterapia ou radioterapia) para câncer do colo do útero pelo Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), entre 2001 e 2015. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, recorte de uma coorte, com 8.857 mulheres. Para avaliar a associação da RAS de residência e o intervalo entre diagnóstico e início de tratamento (em dias), foram utilizados modelos de regressão binomial negativa, considerando nível de significância de 5%. Os modelos foram construídos usando blocos de covariáveis sociodemográficas, clínicas e relacionadas ao tratamento. Foi determinado que a RAS de residência das mulheres está associada ao intervalo entre o diagnóstico e o início de tratamento. A RAS Norte foi a região do estado onde a média de tempo para iniciar o tratamento foi menor, e não residir nessa RAS aumenta a média de tempo para iniciar o tratamento entre 24% e 93% em comparação com outras RAS do estado. Fica evidente a disparidade no intervalo entre diagnóstico e início de tratamento entre as regiões do Estado de Minas Gerais. A disponibilidade de serviços habilitados para o tratamento do câncer nas RAS não reflete necessariamente em maior agilidade para início de tratamento. Compreender os fluxos das Redes de Atenção Oncológica e suas diferenças regionais é fundamental para aprimorar políticas públicas que garantam o cumprimento de leis vigentes, como a Lei nº 12.732/2012, que preconiza o início do tratamento de pacientes com câncer em até 60 dias após o diagnóstico.


El objetivo de este estudio es investigar si existe una asociación entre las Regiones Ampliadas de Salud (RAS) de residencia en Minas Gerais, Brasil, y el intervalo entre el diagnóstico y el inicio del tratamiento para mujeres que realizaron tratamiento ambulatorio (quimioterapia o radioterapia) para cáncer de cuello uterino por el Sistema Único de Salud (SUS) entre 2001 y 2015. Se trata de un estudio transversal, recortado de una cohorte, con 8.857 mujeres. Para evaluar la asociación entre la RAS de residencia y el intervalo entre el diagnóstico y el inicio del tratamiento (en días), se utilizaron modelos de regresión binomial negativa, considerando el nivel de significancia del 5%. Los modelos se construyeron utilizando bloques de covariables sociodemográficas, clínicas y relacionadas con el tratamiento. Se encontró una asociación entre la RAS de residencia de las mujeres y el intervalo entre el diagnóstico y el inicio del tratamiento. La región de la RAS Norte tuvo tiempo promedio más corto para el inicio del tratamiento, pero si las mujeres no residen en esta RAS el tiempo promedio para el inicio del tratamiento puede aumentar entre el 24% y el 93% en comparación con otras RAS del estado. Queda evidente la disparidad del intervalo entre el diagnóstico y el inicio del tratamiento entre las regiones de Minas Gerais. La disponibilidad de servicios habilitados para el tratamiento del cáncer en la RAS no necesariamente refleja la mayor rapidez para el inicio del tratamiento. Es fundamental comprender los flujos de las Redes de Atención Oncológica y sus diferencias regionales para buscar mejorar las políticas públicas que garantizan el cumplimiento de la legislación vigente, como la Ley nº 12.732/2012, que recomienda que el tratamiento de los pacientes con cáncer debe empezar dentro de los 60 días posteriores al diagnóstico.


Subject(s)
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms , Humans , Female , Brazil/epidemiology , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/diagnosis , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/therapy , Cross-Sectional Studies , Outpatients , Ambulatory Care
2.
Lancet Glob Health ; 10(10): e1369-e1370, 2022 10.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36113513
4.
Cad. Saúde Pública (Online) ; 38(10): e00277521, 2022. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1404027

ABSTRACT

O objetivo deste estudo é investigar se há associação entre as Regiões Ampliadas de Saúde (RAS) de residência de Minas Gerais, Brasil, e o intervalo entre diagnóstico e início de tratamento de mulheres que realizaram tratamento ambulatorial (quimioterapia ou radioterapia) para câncer do colo do útero pelo Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), entre 2001 e 2015. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, recorte de uma coorte, com 8.857 mulheres. Para avaliar a associação da RAS de residência e o intervalo entre diagnóstico e início de tratamento (em dias), foram utilizados modelos de regressão binomial negativa, considerando nível de significância de 5%. Os modelos foram construídos usando blocos de covariáveis sociodemográficas, clínicas e relacionadas ao tratamento. Foi determinado que a RAS de residência das mulheres está associada ao intervalo entre o diagnóstico e o início de tratamento. A RAS Norte foi a região do estado onde a média de tempo para iniciar o tratamento foi menor, e não residir nessa RAS aumenta a média de tempo para iniciar o tratamento entre 24% e 93% em comparação com outras RAS do estado. Fica evidente a disparidade no intervalo entre diagnóstico e início de tratamento entre as regiões do Estado de Minas Gerais. A disponibilidade de serviços habilitados para o tratamento do câncer nas RAS não reflete necessariamente em maior agilidade para início de tratamento. Compreender os fluxos das Redes de Atenção Oncológica e suas diferenças regionais é fundamental para aprimorar políticas públicas que garantam o cumprimento de leis vigentes, como a Lei nº 12.732/2012, que preconiza o início do tratamento de pacientes com câncer em até 60 dias após o diagnóstico.


This study aimed to investigate whether there is an association between the Extended Health Regions (EHR) of residence in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, and the interval between diagnosis and start of treatment for women who underwent outpatient treatment (chemotherapy or radiotherapy) for cervical cancer by the Brazilian Unified National Health System (SUS), between 2001 and 2015. This is a cross-sectional study, part of a cohort with 8,857 women. Negative binomial regression models were used to evaluate the association of EHR of residence and the interval between diagnosis and start of treatment (in days), considering a significance level of 5%. The models were constructed using blocks of sociodemographic, clinical, and treatment-related covariates. It was found that the EHR of residence of women is associated with the interval between diagnosis and start of treatment. The northern EHR was the region of the state where the average time to start treatment was lower, and not residing in this EHR increases the average time to start treatment between 24% and 93% compared to other EHRs in the state. The disparity in the interval between diagnosis and start of treatment between the regions of Minas Gerais is evident. The availability of services enabled for the treatment of cancer in the EHRs does not necessarily results in a greater agility for the start of treatment. Understanding the flows of Oncology Care Networks and their regional differences is essential to improve public policies that ensure compliance with current laws, such as Law n. 12,732/2012, which recommends the start of treatment for cancer patients within 60 days after diagnosis.


El objetivo de este estudio es investigar si existe una asociación entre las Regiones Ampliadas de Salud (RAS) de residencia en Minas Gerais, Brasil, y el intervalo entre el diagnóstico y el inicio del tratamiento para mujeres que realizaron tratamiento ambulatorio (quimioterapia o radioterapia) para cáncer de cuello uterino por el Sistema Único de Salud (SUS) entre 2001 y 2015. Se trata de un estudio transversal, recortado de una cohorte, con 8.857 mujeres. Para evaluar la asociación entre la RAS de residencia y el intervalo entre el diagnóstico y el inicio del tratamiento (en días), se utilizaron modelos de regresión binomial negativa, considerando el nivel de significancia del 5%. Los modelos se construyeron utilizando bloques de covariables sociodemográficas, clínicas y relacionadas con el tratamiento. Se encontró una asociación entre la RAS de residencia de las mujeres y el intervalo entre el diagnóstico y el inicio del tratamiento. La región de la RAS Norte tuvo tiempo promedio más corto para el inicio del tratamiento, pero si las mujeres no residen en esta RAS el tiempo promedio para el inicio del tratamiento puede aumentar entre el 24% y el 93% en comparación con otras RAS del estado. Queda evidente la disparidad del intervalo entre el diagnóstico y el inicio del tratamiento entre las regiones de Minas Gerais. La disponibilidad de servicios habilitados para el tratamiento del cáncer en la RAS no necesariamente refleja la mayor rapidez para el inicio del tratamiento. Es fundamental comprender los flujos de las Redes de Atención Oncológica y sus diferencias regionales para buscar mejorar las políticas públicas que garantizan el cumplimiento de la legislación vigente, como la Ley nº 12.732/2012, que recomienda que el tratamiento de los pacientes con cáncer debe empezar dentro de los 60 días posteriores al diagnóstico.

5.
Saúde debate ; 45(spe1): 60-72, out. 2021. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1352242

ABSTRACT

RESUMO Apesar do aumento histórico da participação feminina na produção científica brasileira, reconfigurações domésticas e laborais para o controle da Covid-19 podem estar reduzindo a produtividade das mulheres cientistas. A pesquisa GenCovid-Br objetivou traçar um panorama da participação feminina nos artigos sobre Covid-19 das ciências médicas e da saúde, disponibilizados no PubMed, com ao menos um autor de filiação brasileira. Das 1.013 publicações até 14 de agosto de 2020, 6,1% foram escritas exclusivamente por mulheres; 17,2%, exclusivamente por homens; grupos mistos respondem por 31,1% com liderança feminina, e 45,6% com liderança masculina. As mulheres participam mais de artigos com primeira autoria feminina (50,1% vs 35,6% nos liderados por homens). Nos artigos de áreas da Medicina Clínica, em que as mulheres são maioria, ocorre menos participação de autoras, o que também acontece em publicações resultantes de colaborações internacionais. Os presentes resultados indicam a possibilidade de ampliação de desigualdades de gênero prévias durante a pandemia de Covid-19. Novos estudos devem aprofundar a investigação sobre a magnitude e os determinantes desse fenômeno, incluindo análises temporais. As políticas institucionais devem considerar as iniquidades de gênero nas avaliações acadêmicas, prevenindo impactos futuros nas carreiras das mulheres, em particular, das jovens pesquisadoras envolvidas na reprodução social.


ABSTRACT Despite the increasing historical participation of women in Brazilian scientific production, domestic and labor reconfiguration for the control of the Covid-19 pandemic is likely to reduce women scientists' productivity. The GenCovid-Br Research aimed to outline a panorama of female production in Covid-19 papers in medical and health sciences, available in PubMed, with at least one author with Brazilian affiliation. From the 1,013 publications by August 14, 2020, 6.1% were written exclusively by women, 17.2% exclusively by men, 31.1% were mixed with female leadership, and 45.6% were mixed with male leadership. Women participated in more papers led by women (50.1% vs. 35.6% in those led by men). Papers in Clinical Medicine, where female researchers are predominant, have fewer female authors, occurring in publications resulting from international collaborations. Our results point to the possible expansion of previous gender inequalities during the Covid-19 pandemic. New studies should deepen the investigation of the magnitude and determinants of such phenomenon, including temporal analyses. Institutional policies must consider gender inequalities in academic assessments, preventing future impacts on women's careers, particularly young researchers involved in social reproduction.

6.
Cad Saude Publica ; 37(6): e00322320, 2021.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34231763

ABSTRACT

The COVID-19 pandemic may accentuate existing problems, hindering access to legal abortion, with a consequent increase in unsafe abortions. This scenario may be even worse in low- and middle-income countries, especially in Latin America, where abortion laws are already restrictive and access to services is already hampered. Our objective was to understand how different countries, with an emphasis on Latin Americans, have dealt with legal abortion services in the context of the COVID-19. Thus, we conducted a narrative review on abortion and COVID-19. The 75 articles included, plus other relevant references, indicate that the pandemic affects sexual and reproductive health services by amplifying existing problems and restricting access to reproductive rights, such as legal abortion. This impact may be even stronger in low- and middle-income countries, especially in Latin America, where access to legal abortion is normally restricted. The revision of sources in this article underlines the urgent need to maintain legal abortion services, both from women's perspective, in support of their reproductive rights, but also from that of the international commitment to achieving the Millennium Development Goals. Thereby, Latin American countries must place reproductive rights as a priority on their agendas and adapt legislation to accommodate alternative models of abortion care. Furthermore, our results underscore the need for clear information on the functioning of sexual and reproductive health services as essential for understanding the impact of the pandemic on legal abortion and to identify the groups most affected by the changes.


Subject(s)
Abortion, Induced , COVID-19 , Abortion, Legal , Brazil , Developing Countries , Female , Humans , Latin America/epidemiology , Pandemics , Pregnancy , SARS-CoV-2
8.
Epidemiol Serv Saude ; 30(2): e2020722, 2021.
Article in English, Portuguese | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34008747

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To analyse how testing the population influences the health indicators used to monitor the COVID-19 pandemic in the 50 countries with the highest number of diagnosed cases. METHODS: This was an ecological study using secondary data retrieved on 8/19/2020. Cumulative incidence, mortality rate, case-fatality rate, and proportion of positive tests were calculated. The data were described and presented graphically, with their respective Spearman Correlation Coefficients. RESULTS: The testing rate varied enormously between countries. Cumulative incidence and the proportion of positive tests were correlated with the number of tests, while the mortality rate and case-fatality rate showed low correlation with this indicator. CONCLUSION: Most countries do not test enough to ensure adequate monitoring of the pandemic, and this is reflected in the quality of the indicators. Expanding the number of tests is essential, but it needs to be accompanied by other measures, such as isolation of diagnosed cases and contact tracing.


Subject(s)
COVID-19 Testing/statistics & numerical data , COVID-19/diagnosis , COVID-19/epidemiology , Health Status Indicators , Pandemics , COVID-19/mortality , Global Health/statistics & numerical data , Humans , Incidence , Quarantine , Statistics, Nonparametric
9.
Arch Sex Behav ; 50(7): 3247-3256, 2021 10.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33864176

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study was to identify factors associated with HIV and vulnerability contexts for women in Porto Alegre, Brazil. The participants were 1326 women recruited by complex sampling design, divided into two groups: 640 women with HIV (WLH) and 686 women who did not have HIV (WNLH). Gross and weighted statistical analyses were performed. Logistic regression models were used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) for 12 variables. The main results demonstrated that WLH had lower income (p < .001) and poorer education (p = .038), and few used condoms during their first sexual intercourse (p < .001). The occurrence of HIV was higher among the black population (p < .001). Sex in exchange for money (p < .001) and sexually transmitted infections (p < .001) were more frequent among WLH than among WNLH. The age of sexual debut and age difference from the partner at first sexual intercourse (FSI) were not associated with the outcome. The high percentage of non-use of condoms during the FSI shows how vulnerable individuals are right at the beginning of their sexual lives. More effective prevention strategies can be developed by nurses in view of the contexts of vulnerability surrounding women.


Subject(s)
Condoms , HIV Infections , Brazil/epidemiology , Coitus , Female , HIV Infections/epidemiology , HIV Infections/prevention & control , Humans , Sexual Behavior , Sexual Partners
10.
Cancer Epidemiol ; 71(Pt A): 101899, 2021 04.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33548845

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Cervical cancer survival is marked by socioeconomic and demographic inequalities. We investigated differences in survival across health regions in Minas Gerais, Brazil, in cervical cancer patients who underwent treatment in the Brazilian Public Health System. METHODS: From a database developed through probabilistic and deterministic linkage of data from information systems of the Brazilian Public Health System, we identified cervical cancer cases, diagnosed between 2002 and 2010, who underwent radiation and/or chemotherapy and lived in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Five-year overall and cause-specific survivals were estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using the log-rank test. We used extended Cox models to assess the relationship between the health region of residence and the overall and cause-specific death risk, adjusting for relevant variables. RESULTS: We included 5613 patients with a median age of 55.0 years. Median follow-up time was 70.0 months. Five-year overall and cause-specific survivals were 56.3 % and 63.6 %, respectively. Across the 13 health regions, 5-year survival ranged from 46.6%-64.2% (p < 0.001) in the overall analysis and from 52.0% to 72.0% (p < 0.001) in the cause-specific analysis. Multivariate models revealed a significantly higher death risk for most health regions in comparison to the reference health region (Norte). Adjustment by age, tumor stage, comorbidity, treatment, travel time, and year of diagnosis had little effect on the association. CONCLUSION: We found regional disparities in cervical cancer survival that persisted after relevant adjustments. Uneven regional provision of health services might be implicated in these disparities, affecting timely access to treatment for cervical cancer patients.


Subject(s)
Health Status Disparities , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/epidemiology , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Brazil/epidemiology , Female , Geography , Humans , Middle Aged , Proportional Hazards Models , Prospective Studies , Survival Analysis , Young Adult
11.
J Occup Environ Med ; 63(1): e7-e12, 2021 01 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33149004

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between sex-obesity intersection and labor inactivity and whether education modifies this relationship in a national health survey. METHODS: Cross-sectional study using the database of 43,456 participants from the Brazilian National Health Survey. Logistic Regression analyses were performed. RESULTS: To be women with or without obesity was associated with higher frequency of labor inactivity in comparison to non-obese men. Among men, only those with central obesity had a higher rate of inactivity than non-obese men, especially those with incomplete elementary school. CONCLUSIONS: The double burden of judgment (sexism and fatphobia) suffered by obese women can lead to socioeconomic inequalities which may strength poorness and/or exclusion. Thus, there are urgent measures for empowerment and equity in the labor market.


Subject(s)
Obesity , Sedentary Behavior , Cross-Sectional Studies , Educational Status , Female , Health Surveys , Humans , Male , Obesity/epidemiology , Socioeconomic Factors
12.
Epidemiol. serv. saúde ; 30(2): e2020722, 2021. graf
Article in English, Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1249797

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: Analisar como a testagem da população influencia os indicadores de saúde usados para monitorar a pandemia de COVID-19 nos 50 países com maior número de casos diagnosticados. Métodos: Estudo ecológico sobre dados secundários, extraídos em 19/08/2020. Foram calculadas incidência acumulada, taxa de mortalidade, letalidade e proporção de testes positivos. Os dados foram descritos e apresentados graficamente, com o respectivo coeficiente de correlação de Spearman. Resultados: A taxa de testagem variou enormemente entre os países. A incidência acumulada e a proporção de testes positivos foram correlacionadas ao número de testes, enquanto a taxa de mortalidade e a letalidade apresentaram correlação baixa com esse indicador. Conclusão: A maioria dos países não testa o suficiente para garantir adequado monitoramento da pandemia, com reflexo na qualidade dos indicadores. A ampliação do número de testes é fundamental; porém, ela deve ser acompanhada de outras medidas, como isolamento de casos diagnosticados e rastreamento de contatos.


Objetivo: Analizar cómo el testeo poblacional influye en los indicadores de salud utilizados para monitorear la pandemia de COVID-19 en los 50 países con mayor número de casos diagnosticados. Métodos: Estudio ecológico, con datos secundarios, recogidos el 19/8/2020. Se calcularon la incidencia acumulada, la tasa de mortalidad, la letalidad y la proporción de pruebas positivas. Los datos fueron descritos y presentados gráficamente, con el respectivo Coeficiente de Correlación de Spearman. Resultados: La tasa de testeo varió enormemente entre los países. La incidencia acumulada y la proporción de pruebas positivas se correlacionaron con el número de pruebas, mientras que la tasa de mortalidad y de letalidad mostraron una baja correlación con este indicador. Conclusión: La mayoría de los países no realizan suficientes pruebas para garantizar un seguimiento adecuado de la pandemia, lo que se refleja en la calidad de los indicadores. La ampliación del número de pruebas es fundamental, y debe ir acompañada de aislamiento de casos y seguimiento de contactos.


Objective: To analyse how testing the population influences the health indicators used to monitor the COVID-19 pandemic in the 50 countries with the highest number of diagnosed cases. Methods:This was an ecological study using secondary data retrieved on 8/19/2020. Cumulative incidence, mortality rate, case-fatality rate, and proportion of positive tests were calculated. The data were described and presented graphically, with their respective Spearman Correlation Coefficients. Results: The testing rate varied enormously between countries. Cumulative incidence and the proportion of positive tests were correlated with the number of tests, while the mortality rate and case-fatality rate showed low correlation with this indicator. Conclusion: Most countries do not test enough to ensure adequate monitoring of the pandemic, and this is reflected in the quality of the indicators. Expanding the number of tests is essential, but it needs to be accompanied by other measures, such as isolation of diagnosed cases and contact tracing.


Subject(s)
Humans , Laboratory Test/statistics & numerical data , COVID-19 Nucleic Acid Testing/statistics & numerical data , COVID-19 Serological Testing/statistics & numerical data , COVID-19/diagnosis , Global Health/statistics & numerical data , Incidence , Health Status Indicators , COVID-19/mortality
13.
Cad. Saúde Pública (Online) ; 37(6): e00322320, 2021. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1278625

ABSTRACT

The COVID-19 pandemic may accentuate existing problems, hindering access to legal abortion, with a consequent increase in unsafe abortions. This scenario may be even worse in low- and middle-income countries, especially in Latin America, where abortion laws are already restrictive and access to services is already hampered. Our objective was to understand how different countries, with an emphasis on Latin Americans, have dealt with legal abortion services in the context of the COVID-19. Thus, we conducted a narrative review on abortion and COVID-19. The 75 articles included, plus other relevant references, indicate that the pandemic affects sexual and reproductive health services by amplifying existing problems and restricting access to reproductive rights, such as legal abortion. This impact may be even stronger in low- and middle-income countries, especially in Latin America, where access to legal abortion is normally restricted. The revision of sources in this article underlines the urgent need to maintain legal abortion services, both from women's perspective, in support of their reproductive rights, but also from that of the international commitment to achieving the Millennium Development Goals. Thereby, Latin American countries must place reproductive rights as a priority on their agendas and adapt legislation to accommodate alternative models of abortion care. Furthermore, our results underscore the need for clear information on the functioning of sexual and reproductive health services as essential for understanding the impact of the pandemic on legal abortion and to identify the groups most affected by the changes.


A pandemia da COVID-19 pode agravar problemas existentes, dificultando o acesso ao aborto legal e resultando em um aumento dos abortos inseguros. O cenário pode ser ainda pior nos países de renda média e baixa, principalmente na América Latina, onde as leis sobre aborto já são restritivas e o acesso aos serviços é dificultado. Tivemos como objetivo, compreender como os diferentes países, com ênfase nos latino-americanos, têm lidado com os serviços de aborto legal no contexto da COVID-19. Para tal, foi realizada uma revisão narrativa sobre aborto e COVID-19. Os 75 artigos incluídos, além de outras referências relevantes, indicam que a pandemia impacta os serviços de saúde sexual e reprodutiva, ao agravar os problemas existentes e restringir o acesso aos direitos reprodutivos, incluindo o direito ao aborto legal. O impacto pode ser ainda mais sério nos países de renda baixa e média, principalmente na América Latina, onde o acesso ao aborto legal costuma ser restrito. A revisão das fontes no artigo destaca a necessidade urgente de manter em funcionamento os serviços de aborto legal, tanto da perspectiva das mulheres, em apoio aos seus direitos reprodutivos, quanto do compromisso internacional para atingir os Objetivos de Desenvolvimento do Milênio. Assim, os países da América Latina devem priorizar os direitos reprodutivos nas agendas nacionais e adaptar suas legislações para acomodar modelos alternativos de assistência ao aborto. Nossos resultados também destacam a necessidade de informações precisas sobre o funcionamento dos serviços de saúde sexual e reprodutiva, essenciais para compreender o impacto da pandemia sobre o aborto legal e para identificar os grupos mais afetados pelas mudanças.


La pandemia de COVID-19 puede acentuar problemas existentes, impidiendo el acceso al aborto legal, con el consiguiente incremento de abortos inseguros. Este escenario es quizás incluso peor en los países de bajos y medios ingresos, especialmente en Latinoamérica, donde las leyes del aborto son de por sí restrictivas y el acceso a los servicios ya se encuentra obstaculizado. Nuestro objetivo fue comprender cómo han lidiado diferentes países, poniendo énfasis en los latinoamericanos, con servicios legales de aborto en el contexto de la COVID-19. Por lo tanto, realizamos una revisión narrativa sobre el aborto y el COVID-19. Se incluyeron 75 artículos, así como otras referencias relevantes, indicando que la pandemia impacta en los servicios de salud sexual y reproductiva, lo que amplifica los problemas existentes y restringe el acceso a derechos reproductivos, tales como el aborto legal. Este impacto quizás fue incluso más fuerte en los países con ingresos bajos y medios, especialmente en Latinoamérica, donde el acceso al aborto legal se encuentra restringido normalmente. La revisión de fuentes en este artículo subraya la necesidad urgente de mantener los servicios de aborto legal, tanto desde la perspectiva de las mujeres, apoyando sus derechos reproductivos, así como también desde el compromiso internacional, con el fin de alcanzar las Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio. De este modo, los países latinoamericanos deben situar los derechos reproductivos como prioridad en sus agendas y adaptar su legislación para incorporar modelos alternativos de atención al aborto. Nuestros resultados también destacam la necesidad de información precisa para el funcionamiento de los servicios de salud sexuales y reproductivos, como algo esencial para entender el impacto de la pandemia en el aborto legal, así como para identicar a los grupos más afectados por los cambios.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Abortion, Induced , COVID-19 , Brazil , Abortion, Legal , Developing Countries , Pandemics , SARS-CoV-2 , Latin America/epidemiology
14.
Preprint in Portuguese | SciELO Preprints | ID: pps-1576

ABSTRACT

Objective: To analyze how population testing influences the health indicators used to monitor the COVID-19 pandemic in the 50 countries with the highest number of diagnosed cases. Methods: Ecological study, with secondary data, downloaded on 8/19/2020. Accumulated incidence, mortality rate, case-fatality rate, and proportion of positive tests were calculated. The data were described and presented graphically, with the respective Spearman Correlation Coefficient. Results: The testing rate varied enormously between countries. The accumulated incidence and the proportion of positive tests were correlated with the number of tests, while the mortality rate and case-fatality rate showed a low correlation with this indicator. Conclusion: Most countries do not test enough to ensure adequate monitoring of the pandemic, reflecting on the quality of the indicators. The expansion of the number of tests is essential, but it needs to be accompanied by other measures, such as isolation of diagnosed cases and contact tracking.


Objetivo: Analisar como a testagem da população influencia os indicadores de saúde usados para monitorar a pandemia de COVID-19 nos 50 países com maior número de casos diagnosticados. Métodos: Estudo ecológico sobre dados secundários, extraídos em 19/08/2020. Foram calculadas incidência acumulada, taxa de mortalidade, letalidade e proporção de testes positivos. Os dados foram descritos e apresentados graficamente, com o respectivo coeficiente de correlação de Spearman. Resultados: A taxa de testagem variou enormemente entre os países. A incidência acumulada e a proporção de testes positivos foram correlacionadas ao número de testes, enquanto a taxa de mortalidade e a letalidade apresentaram correlação baixa com esse indicador. Conclusão: A maioria dos países não testa o suficiente para garantir adequado monitoramento da pandemia, com reflexo na qualidade dos indicadores. A ampliação do número de testes é fundamental; porém, ela deve ser acompanhada de outras medidas, como isolamento de casos diagnosticados e rastreamento de contatos.

16.
Glob Public Health ; 15(11): 1639-1654, 2020 11.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32515274

ABSTRACT

We address the limited understanding around the overlap between violence and HIV in Brazil. Data was from two clinic-based samples of HIV-positive (n = 1534) and HIV-negative women (n = 1589) in São Paulo and Porto Alegre. We conducted latent class analysis and identified violence typologies by type of violence, life course timing, frequency, and perpetrator, stratified by city and HIV-status. Overall, HIV-positive women experienced more lifetime physical and sexual violence than HIV-negative women. Twelve unique violence latent classes were identified. In São Paulo, HIV-positive women were likely to have endured physical violence several times (Conditional Probability [CP]: 0.80) by an intimate partner (CP: 0.85), and sexual violence several times (CP: 0.46) by an intimate partner (CP: 0.62). In Porto Alegre, HIV-positive women endured physical violence several times (CP: 0.80) by an intimate partner (CP: 0.70) during childhood/adolescence (CP: 0.48), and sexual violence several times (CP: 0.54) by an intimate partner (CP: 0.60). Findings inform interventions to educate around gender equity, violence, and the health effects of violence including HIV, integrate HIV and violence services, and improve the provision of bio-medical HIV prevention among HIV-negative women who experience violence.


Subject(s)
HIV Infections , Violence , Adult , Brazil/epidemiology , Female , HIV Infections/epidemiology , Humans , Intimate Partner Violence/statistics & numerical data , Latent Class Analysis , Violence/statistics & numerical data , Young Adult
17.
Cad Saude Publica ; 36(6): e00170118, 2020.
Article in Portuguese | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32520126

ABSTRACT

Men are the main group affected by HIV infection in Brazil, with an upward trend in the last 10 years. According to official data, heterosexual men represent 49% of cases, followed by homosexuals with 38% and bisexuals with 9.1%. Heterosexual men have been subsumed in the category "overall population" and have failed to receive specific attention in preventive policies or activities. The article proposes to analyze the circumstances and strategies by which heterosexual men learn of their HIV diagnosis. The study thus seeks to understand the paths and social actors involved in their HIV/AIDS diagnosis. The data are from a qualitative study interviewing 36 men living with HIV/AIDS that did not self-identify as homosexuals and/or bisexuals. The men were contacted in three specialized AIDS services in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. The results indicate that men consider themselves immune to HIV, and that the diagnosis is an unexpected event. Women (affective-sexual partners and/or former partners) are fundamental components in the men's diagnosis, since they reveal the presence of HIV through either prenatal care or their own illness. An important share of these men discover that they are HIV-positive through some illness such as tuberculosis or after several visits to health services. Spontaneous search for HIV testing only occurs through situations and signs associated with possible infection. Heterosexual men have few opportunities for HIV diagnosis, and beyond gender issues, they are subject to programmatic vulnerability.


Os homens são o principal grupo afetado pela infecção do HIV no Brasil, com tendência de crescimento nos últimos dez anos. Nos dados oficiais, os homens heterossexuais representam 49% dos casos, os homossexuais 38% e os bissexuais 9,1%. Os homens heterossexuais ficaram subsumidos na categoria de "população geral", não recebendo destaque em políticas ou ações de prevenção. O presente artigo se propõe a analisar as circunstâncias e estratégias por meio das quais os homens heterossexuais descobrem o diagnóstico do HIV. Busca-se, assim, compreender os caminhos percorridos, bem como os atores sociais envolvidos no diagnóstico de HIV/aids. Os dados analisados resultam de uma pesquisa qualitativa na qual foram entrevistados 36 homens vivendo com HIV/aids que não se identificam como homossexuais e/ou bissexuais. Esses homens foram contatados em três serviços especializados em aids de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Os resultados indicam que eles se consideram imunes ao HIV, sendo o diagnóstico um evento inesperado. As mulheres (parceiras afetivo-sexuais e/ou ex-parceiras) são peças fundamentais para o diagnóstico masculino, pois revelam, seja pelo pré-natal, seja pelo adoecimento, a presença do HIV. Uma parcela importante dos homens se descobre soropositivo por ocasião de alguma doença, como a tuberculose, ou após várias idas e vindas dos serviços de saúde. A busca pela testagem de forma espontânea só acontece mediante a identificação de situações e sinais associados a uma possível contaminação. Os homens heterossexuais possuem poucas oportunidades de diagnóstico do HIV e, para além do gênero, são sujeitos à vulnerabilidade programática.


Los hombres son el principal grupo afectado por la infección del VIH en Brasil, con una tendencia de crecimiento en los últimos 10 años. En los datos oficiales, los hombres heterosexuales representan un 49% de los casos, los homosexuales un 38% y los bisexuales un 9,1%. Los hombres heterosexuales quedaron encajados en la categoría de "población general", no siendo relevantes en políticas o acciones de prevención. Este artículo se propone analizar las circunstancias y estrategias a través de las cuales los hombres heterosexuales descubren el diagnóstico del VIH. Se busca, de esta forma, comprender los caminos recorridos, así como los actores sociales implicados en el diagnóstico del VIH/SIDA. Los datos analizados son resultado de una investigación cualitativa en la que se entrevistaron a 36 hombres, viviendo con VIH/SIDA, que no se identifican como homosexuales y/o bisexuales. Se contactó con estos hombres a través de tres servicios especializados en sida de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Los resultados indican que los hombres se consideran inmunes al VIH, siendo el diagnóstico un evento inesperado. Las mujeres (parejas afectivo-sexuales y/o ex-parejas) son piezas fundamentales para el diagnóstico masculino, puesto que revelan, sea a través del cuidado prenatal, sea a través de la enfermedad, la presencia del VIH. Una parte importante de los hombres se descubre seropositiva, debido a alguna enfermedad, como la tuberculosis, o tras varias idas y venidas a los servicios de salud. La búsqueda de un test espontáneo solamente se produce mediante la identificación de situaciones y señales asociadas a una posible infección. Los hombres heterosexuales poseen pocas oportunidades de diagnóstico del VIH y, más allá del género, están sujetos a vulnerabilidad programática.


Subject(s)
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome , Epidemics , HIV Infections , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/diagnosis , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/epidemiology , Brazil , Female , HIV , HIV Infections/diagnosis , HIV Infections/epidemiology , Heterosexuality , Humans , Male , Men , Pregnancy , Sexual Behavior
18.
Cien Saude Colet ; 25(suppl 1): 2423-2446, 2020 06.
Article in English, Portuguese | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32520287

ABSTRACT

The COVID-19 pandemic has challenged researchers and policy makers to identify public safety measures forpreventing the collapse of healthcare systems and reducingdeaths. This narrative review summarizes the available evidence on the impact of social distancing measures on the epidemic and discusses the implementation of these measures in Brazil. Articles on the effect of social distancing on COVID-19 were selected from the PubMed, medRXiv and bioRvix databases. Federal and state legislation was analyzed to summarize the strategies implemented in Brazil. Social distancing measures adopted by the population appear effective, particularly when implemented in conjunction with the isolation of cases and quarantining of contacts. Therefore, social distancing measures, and social protection policies to guarantee the sustainability of these measures, should be implemented. To control COVID-19 in Brazil, it is also crucial that epidemiological monitoring is strengthened at all three levels of the Brazilian National Health System (SUS). This includes evaluating and usingsupplementary indicators to monitor the progression of the pandemic and the effect of the control measures, increasing testing capacity, and making disaggregated notificationsand testing resultstransparentand broadly available.


A pandemia de COVID-19 tem desafiado pesquisadores e gestores a encontrar medidas de saúde pública que evitem o colapso dos sistemas de saúde e reduzam os óbitos. Esta revisão narrativa buscou sistematizar as evidências sobre o impacto das medidas de distanciamento social na epidemia de COVID-19 e discutir sua implementação no Brasil. Foram triados artigos sobre o efeito do distanciamento social na COVID-19 no PubMed, medRXiv e bioRvix, e analisados atos do poder público nos níveis federal e estadual para sumarizar as estratégias implementadas no Brasil. Os achados sugerem que o distanciamento social adotado por população é efetivo, especialmente quando combinado ao isolamento de casos e à quarentena dos contatos. Recomenda-se a implementação de medidas de distanciamento social e de políticas de proteção social para garantir a sustentabilidade dessas medidas. Para o controle da COVID-19 no Brasil, é imprescindível que essas medidas estejam aliadas ao fortalecimento do sistema de vigilância nos três níveis do SUS, que inclui a avaliação e uso de indicadores adicionais para monitorar a evolução da pandemia e o efeito das medidas de controle, a ampliação da capacidade de testagem, e divulgação ampla e transparente das notificações e de testagem desagregadas.


Subject(s)
Betacoronavirus , Communicable Disease Control , Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology , Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control , Pandemics/prevention & control , Personal Space , Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology , Pneumonia, Viral/prevention & control , Brazil/epidemiology , COVID-19 , COVID-19 Testing , Capacity Building , Clinical Laboratory Techniques/statistics & numerical data , Coronavirus Infections/diagnosis , Coronavirus Infections/transmission , Delivery of Health Care , Epidemiological Monitoring , Global Health/statistics & numerical data , Government Regulation , Humans , Mass Behavior , Models, Theoretical , Pneumonia, Viral/transmission , Public Policy , SARS-CoV-2 , Social Isolation
19.
J Immigr Minor Health ; 22(4): 682-690, 2020 Aug.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31863405

ABSTRACT

Migration can affect reproductive outcomes due to different socioeconomic and cultural contexts before and after migration, to changes in the affective and conjugal status of women and to their life conditions. The aim of this study is to investigate the association between international migration and abortion. The data came from a retrospective life-event survey from sub-Saharan African women living in Île-de-France. Differences in abortion distribution before and after migration were assessed using the Pearson chi-square test, and the association between the predictor and the outcome was investigated using Generalized Estimating Equations. A total of 363 women and 1377 pregnancies were investigated. Among these pregnancies, 15.6% that occurred before and 11.0% that occurred after migration was reported as ended in abortion (p = 0.011). The odds of reporting having had an abortion was lower after migration (OR 0.59, 95% CI 0.42-0.84), even after adjustment. However, after including intendedness of pregnancy in the model, this association lost its significance. The difference in induced abortion occurrence between before and after migration is almost entirely due to a change in the intendedness of pregnancy. Thus, socioeconomic and cultural issues have a greater weight in the decision to abort than the legal interdiction of this practice.


Subject(s)
Abortion, Induced/statistics & numerical data , Emigration and Immigration/statistics & numerical data , Pregnancy, Unplanned/ethnology , Adolescent , Adult , Africa South of the Sahara/ethnology , Cultural Characteristics , Female , Humans , Paris/epidemiology , Pregnancy , Retrospective Studies , Socioeconomic Factors , Young Adult
20.
Saúde debate ; 44(spe4): 324-340, 2020.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1290134

ABSTRACT

RESUMO Esta revisão narrativa sintetizou evidências científicas sobre desigualdades de gênero e raça na pandemia de Covid-19, enfocando o trabalho produtivo/reprodutivo das mulheres, a violência de gênero e o acesso aos Serviços de Saúde Sexual e Reprodutiva (SSR). Os resultados confirmam que as desigualdades sociais devem ser consideradas para o efetivo controle da pandemia e para a preservação de direitos. Para além dos efeitos diretos do SARS-CoV-2, discute-se que barreiras de acesso a serviços de SSR podem ocasionar o aumento de gravidezes não pretendidas, abortos inseguros e mortalidade materna. O distanciamento social tem obrigado muitas mulheres a permanecer confinadas com seus agressores e dificultado o acesso a serviços de denúncia, incorrendo no aumento da violência de gênero e em desfechos graves à saúde. Como principais responsáveis pelo cuidado, as mulheres estão mais expostas a adoecer nas esferas profissional e doméstica. A conciliação trabalho-família tornou-se mais difícil para elas durante a pandemia. A literatura naturaliza as diferenças de gênero, raça e classe, com ênfase em fatores de risco. Uma agenda de pesquisa com abordagem interseccional é necessária para embasar a formulação de políticas que incorporem os direitos humanos e atendam às necessidades dos grupos mais vulneráveis à Covid-19.


ABSTRACT This narrative review synthesized scientific evidence on gender and race inequalities in the Covid-19 pandemic, focusing on women's productive/reproductive work, gender-based violence, and the access to Sexual and Reproductive Health Services (SRHS). The results demonstrated that social inequalities must be considered for the effective control of the pandemic and for the preservation of rights. Besides the direct effects of SARS-CoV-2, the literature discusses that barriers to access SRHS can lead to an increase in unintended pregnancies, unsafe abortions, and maternal mortality. Also, social distancing has led several women to stay confined with their aggressors, which hinders the access to reporting services, incurring in the increase of gender-based violence and severe outcomes to health. As main responsible for the care, women are more prone to getting the virus in both professional and domestic spheres. The conciliation between work and family has become more difficult for them during the pandemic. Literature naturalizes gender, race, and social class differences, emphasizing risk factors. An intersectional research plan is needed to support the making of public policies that incorporate human rights and meet the needs of the most vulnerable to Covid-19.

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